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Since the Late Middle Ages, each pope has displayed his own personal coat of arms, initially that of his family, and thus not unique to himself alone, but in some cases composed by him with symbols referring to his past or his aspirations.〔〔(Christoph F. Weber, "Heraldry", in Christopher Kleinhenz, ''Medieval Italy'' (Routledge 2004 ISBN 978-0-41593930-0), vol. 1, p. 496 )〕〔("Arms of the Popes from 1144-1893" in John Woodward, ''A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry'' (London and Edinburgh 1894), pp. 158-167 )〕 This personal coat of arms coexists with that of the Holy See. Although Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303), Pope Eugene IV (1431-1447), Pope Adrian VI (1522-1523) and a few others used no crest above their escutcheon, from Pope John XXII (1316-1334) onward the papal tiara began to appear (a custom maintained until Pope Nicholas V)〔Collenberg, p. 692〕 and, from the time of Nicholas V's successor, Pope Callistus III (1455-1458), the tiara combined with the keys of Peter.〔(Wipertus Rudt De Collenberg, "The Personal Arms of the Popes", within the article "Heraldry" in Philippe Levillain (editor), ''The Papacy: An Encyclopedia'', volume 2, Gaius-proxies (Routledge 2002 ISBN 978-0-41592228-9), p. 693 )〕〔(Coat of Arms of His Holiness Benedict XVI ) Vatican. Accessed 2008-03-15.〕 Even before the early modern period, a man who did not have a family coat of arms would assume one upon becoming a bishop, as men did when knighted〔(David Brewster, ''The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia'' (Routledge 1999 ISBN 978-0-41518026-9), vol. 1, p. 342 )〕 or on achieving some other prominence.〔Christine de Pizan (1364 – c. 1430), (''The Book of Deeds of Arms and of Chivalry'' (English translation: Penn State Press 1999 ISBN 9780271043050, p. 216 )〕 Some who already had an episcopal coat of arms altered it on being elected to the papal throne.〔 The last pope who was elected without already being a bishop was Pope Gregory XVI in 1831 and the last who was not even a priest when elected was Pope Leo X in 1513.〔(Religion News Service, "Popes and conclaves: everything you need to know" )〕 In the 16th and 17th century, heraldists also made up fictitious coats of arms for earlier popes, especially of the 11th and 12th centuries.〔Pastoureau 1997, pp. 283–284〕 This became more restrained by the end of the 17th century.〔Ottfried Neubecker (1976). Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-046308-5, p. 224〕 ==External ornaments== Papal coats of arms are traditionally shown with an image of the papal tiara and the keys of Peter as an external ornament of the escutcheon. The tiara is usually set above the escutcheon, while the keys are in saltire, passing behind it (formerly also ''en cimier'', below the tiara and above the shield). In modern times, the dexter and sinister keys are usually shown in gold (or) and silver (argent), respectively. The first depiction of a tiara, still with a single coronet, in connection with papal arms, is on the tomb of Boniface VIII (d. 1303) in the basilica of S. John Lateran.〔John Woodward, ''A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry'', 1894, (p. 151 ).〕 Benedict XVI in 2005 deviated from tradition in replacing the tiara with the mitre and pallium (see Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI). The two keys have been given the interpretation of representing the power to bind and to loose on earth (silver) and in heaven (gold), in reference to : :"You are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven." The gold key signifies that the power reaches to heaven and the silver key that it extends to all the faithful on earth, the interlacing indicating the linking between the two aspects of the power, and the arrangement with the handles of the keys at the base symbolizes that the power is in the hands of the pope.〔"The symbolism of the keys is brought out in an ingenious and interpretative fashion by heraldic art. One of the keys is of gold , the other of silver. The golden key, which points upwards on the dexter side, signifies the power that extends even to Heaven. The silver key, which must point up to the sinister side, symbolizes the power over all the faithful on earth. The two are often linked by a cordon Gules as a sign of the union of the two powers. The handles are turned downwards, for they are in the hand of the Pope, Christ's lieutenant on earth. The wards point upwards, for the power of binding and loosing engages Heaven itself." Bruno Bernhard Heim, ''Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws'' (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54)〕 The oldest known representation of the crossed keys beneath the papal tiara in the Coats of arms of the Holy See dates from the time of Pope Martin V (1417–1431). His successor Pope Eugene IV (1431–1447) included it in the design of a silver coin.〔(Claudio Ceresa, "Una sintesi di simboli ispirati alla Scrittura" on ''L'Osservatore Romano'', 10 August 2008 )〕 Martin V also included the keys in his personal arms (those of the Colonna family); however he did not show them as external ornaments, instead placing them in chief on the shield (this example was followed by Urban V and VIII and Alexander VII; Nicolas V seems to have used just the crossed keys and the tiara in an escutcheon. The placing of the keys above the shield becomes the fashion in the early 16th century, so shown on the tomb of Pius III (d. 1503). Adrian VI (1522/3) placed the keys in saltire behind the shield.〔John Woodward, ''A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry'', 1894, (p. 153f. )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「papal coats of arms」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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